EIA vs EBM

In my latest post, I performed semantic analyses on a literature review centered on cumulative effects assessment. In this post, I want to dive deeper in this review and contrast three different fields of research that regularly cite the assessment of cumulative effects in their respective process: environmental impact assessment, ecosystem-based management and multiple stressors experiments.

The assessment of cumulative effects through an environmental impact assessment is usually centered on project-specific appraisal and acceptance unless it is a regional assessment. Cumulative effects viewed through the lense of ecosystem-based management, meanwhile, are more holistic in scope, are usually performed at larger spatial scales and are concerned with the management and monitoring of whole regions. This encompasses processes such as strategic conservation planning and marine spatial planning, which are essentially ecosystem-based management approaches. For more information on these two fields, you can read my blog post that details what are cumulative effects.

Not covered in my previous post is a third area that focuses on the cumulative effects of multiple stressors. This field typically explores how various stressors, when combined, impact the environment or organisms. Researchers in this area often conduct controlled experiments involving two or three stressors to observe their effects on ecological processes (e.g. growth, mortality) for specific organisms or groups of organisms. These experiments are crucial for understanding non-additive effects, such as antagonistic effects, where stressors counteract each other, and synergistic effects, where stressors amplify each other’s impact. Findings from these studies are much more contextual and have limited applicability for large scale environmental management, although researchers in that field may disagree with this statement.

The three fields of research all shape how managers approach cumulative effects. They borrow concepts and keywords from each field, often expecting the best of all three when discussing these effects. Based on my experience in ecosystem-based cumulative effects assessment, I’ve noticed two recurring questions that stem from the other fields:

From the multiple stressors field:

• “We know that stressors do not always combine additively. How are you considering non-additive effects in your assessment?”

From the environmental impact assessment field:

• “What is the significance and the uncertainty associated with your assessment?”

Conversely, the other fields are plagued by questions stemming from ecosystem-based management:

To the multiple stressors field:

• “There are many more stressors and organisms in an ecosystem. How can your results be used to predict synergistic effects for all combinations of stressors and organisms in an ecosystem?”

To the environmental impact assessment field:

• “Your assessment covers a single project in a region impacted by numerous other projects and industries on top of climate change. How does your assessment account for these additional effects?”

These are all valid questions that highlight the interconnectedness of these fields. However, no single field can answer all environmental management questions. It’s crucial for those emphasizing the importance of cumulative effects to understand the limitations of these research areas, the types of answers they can provide, and which field to consult based on the specific management question. The goal of this post is therefore to begin highlighting the differences between these research fields based on the published literature.

Screening the literature

After programmatically exploring the results of the literature search in my previous post, I manually screened and tagged all the peer-reviewed articles. For this post, I was mostly interested in identifying the process each article was interested in (i.e. environmental impacts assessment vs ecosystem-based management vs multiple stressors), the types of ecosystem they worked on (i.e. marine, terrestrial or freshwater), and the countries where the work was performed. Through this work, I also removed some articles that made it through the programmatic filtering process done previously but that should have been removed.

Keywords

# Bibliographies
lit <- bib2df::bib2df("cea_screen.bib", separate_names = TRUE, merge_lines = TRUE) |>
  # lit <- bib2df::bib2df("series/posts/cumulative_effects/eia_vs_ebm/cea_screen.bib", separate_names = TRUE, merge_lines = TRUE) |>
  mutate(
    uid = row_number(),
    DATE = lubridate::as_date(DATE, format = lubridate::guess_formats(DATE, c("Y", "Y-m-d", "Y-m"))),
    year = lubridate::year(DATE)
  )

# Countries
# countries <- vroom::vroom("series/posts/cumulative_effects/eia_vs_ebm/cea_countries.csv", delim = ",")
countries <- vroom::vroom("cea_countries.csv", delim = ",")

# Keywords
key <- lit |>
  select(uid, KEYWORDS) |>
  reframe(key = unlist(stringr::str_split(KEYWORDS, ",")), .by = c(uid)) |>
  tidyr::drop_na() |>
  mutate(key = tolower(stringr::str_trim(key, side = "both"))) |>
  filter(key != "") |>
  filter(!key %in% c("skimmed", "to read", "read again"))

# Table of keywords
table(key$key) |>
  as.data.frame() |>
  arrange(desc(Freq)) |>
  knitr::kable(col.names = c("Keywords", "Frequency")) |>
  kableExtra::scroll_box(width = "55%", height = "500px")

Keywords	Frequency
eia	175
case study	135
solution	135
problem	110
ebm	105
method	100
review	99
process	96
marine	90
management	86
canada	85
geospatial	78
terrestrial	69
cumulative effects assessment	48
freshwater	44
roles	41
cumulative effects	34
cumulative impact assessment	32
social	30
risk	28
cumulative impacts	25
environmental impact assessment	24
multiple stressors	24
united states	24
data	23
legislation	23
australia	22
sea	19
germany	17
indigenous	17
strategic environmental assessment	16
united kingdom	16
sweden	15
rea	14
environmental assessment	11
impact assessment	11
marine spatial planning	10
ontario	10
ecosystem-based management	9
italy	9
open data	9
cumulative effects assessment and management (ceam)	8
denmark	8
france	8
indicators	8
new zealand	8
open software	8
cumulative effect assessment	7
cumulative risk assessment	7
mining	7
norway	7
brazil	6
british columbia	6
china	6
climate change	6
croatia	6
estonia	6
europe	6
finland	6
greece	6
health	6
latvia	6
lithuania	6
maritime spatial planning	6
netherlands	6
portugal	6
albania	5
belgium	5
conservation planning	5
cumulative risk	5
india	5
mitigation	5
poland	5
reindeer herding	5
risk assessment	5
russia	5
turkey	5
alberta	4
baltic sea	4
cumulative effects assessment and management	4
geographic information systems	4
governance	4
hydropower	4
marine protected areas	4
monitoring	4
montenegro	4
north sea	4
sen	4
slovenia	4
social indicators	4
sustainability	4
transparency	4
valued components	4
vulnerability	4
water quality	4
adaptive management	3
alaska	3
anthropogenic pressures	3
athabasca river	3
biodiversity	3
biological diversity	3
bulgaria	3
caribou	3
coal mining	3
collaboration	3
conservation	3
cumulative	3
cumulative effect	3
cumulative effects assessments	3
cumulative effects management	3
cumulative environmental change	3
cumulative impact	3
cumulative impact assessments	3
decision support	3
environmental impact assessment (eia)	3
environmental management	3
environmental planning	3
forestry	3
framework	3
french polynesia	3
geographic information system	3
human activities	3
integration	3
manitoba	3
marine ecosystem services	3
marine strategy framework directive	3
marxan	3
mexico	3
msp	3
protected areas	3
regional assessment	3
ring of fire	3
risk-based approach	3
romania	3
sami	3
saskatchewan	3
scale	3
scenario	3
scenarios	3
science-policy interface	3
scoping	3
social impact assessment	3
social impacts	3
strategic environmental assessment (sea)	3
sustainable development	3
systematic review	3
thresholds	3
adriatic sea	2
algeria	2
anthropogenic threats	2
arctic	2
assessment	2
based management	2
basque country	2
connectivity	2
cumulative effects analysis	2
cumulative effects assessment (cea)	2
cumulative impact analysis	2
cumulative social effects	2
decision making	2
decision support instruments	2
density dependence	2
development	2
disturbances	2
ecology	2
ecosystem approach	2
ecosystem services	2
ecosystem\&8208	2
ecosystem\textbackslash\&\textbackslash 8208	2
ecotoxicology	2
egypt	2
endangered species	2
environmental science	2
environmental stressors	2
evaluation	2
fisheries	2
forest ecosystems	2
forest management	2
forestry management	2
georgia	2
global change	2
habitat connectivity	2
human footprint	2
impacts	2
israel	2
land use planning	2
lebanon	2
libya	2
marine biodiversity	2
marine ecosystem	2
marine ecosystems	2
marine habitats	2
marine management	2
marine renewable energy	2
mining policy	2
model simulations	2
moose	2
multi-sector	2
multiple pressures	2
myanmar (burma)	2
natural stressors	2
network analysis	2
northwest territories	2
ocean management	2
offshore oil and gas	2
pine plantations	2
planning	2
polynomial regression	2
population dynamics	2
population modeling	2
prioritization	2
procedural effectiveness	2
recovery	2
remote sensing	2
renewable energy	2
resource governance	2
resource management	2
risk analysis	2
rivers	2
science	2
seabirds	2
significance	2
south africa	2
spain	2
spatial analysis	2
spatial decision-support tools	2
spatial planning	2
stressors	2
systematic conservation planning	2
tunisia	2
uk seabed	2
ukraine	2
uncertainty	2
vegetation	2
watershed management	2
wetlands	2
wind power	2
wolf	2
(lower) mekong river basin	1
abrasion	1
acceptability	1
acceptable change	1
action research	1
adaptation and mitigation to climate change	1
adaptive cycle	1
adaptive ecology	1
additive models	1
aegean sea	1
aerial photography	1
aggregate extraction	1
aggregate risk	1
aggregated impacts	1
alces (r)	1
alpine environment	1
amazon	1
analytical methods	1
antarctica	1
anthropocene baselines	1
anthropogenic activities	1
anthropogenic impacts	1
anthropogenic stressors	1
aplm	1
aquaculture	1
aquaculture suitability analysis	1
aquatic ecosystems	1
aquatic life safety	1
arctic national wildlife refuge	1
area of occupancy	1
areas beyond national jurisdiction (arnj)	1
artificial neural network	1
artisanal and small-scale gold mining (asgm)	1
assessment evidence	1
austria	1
autonomous platforms	1
backpropagation algorithm	1
bahamas	1
bangladesh	1
baseline	1
baselines	1
basin-wide	1
bayes nets	1
bayesian networks	1
bayesian numerical methods	1
beetle responses	1
benchmark conditions	1
benthic community	1
benthic habitats	1
benthic macroinvertebrates	1
best professional judgement	1
beyond compliance	1
bhutan	1
bio-physical indicators	1
biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction (bbnj)	1
biophysical model	1
bird collisions	1
bird migration	1
blue mussel	1
bonn challenge	1
boreal forest	1
bosnia-herzegovina	1
bottom-up-top-down ecosystem approach	1
bowen basin	1
bowtie risk analysis	1
brazilian coast	1
bruvs	1
bycatch	1
cambodia	1
canadian environmental assessment act	1
canis tupus	1
canonical discriminant analysis	1
capacity	1
capacity building	1
cardiovascular disease	1
caretta caretta	1
case studies	1
case study analysis	1
case stury	1
case-by-case examination	1
causal criteria	1
causal digraphs	1
causal loop diagrams (cld)	1
causality	1
causality analysis (ca)	1
cause-and-effect relationships	1
cea	1
cea backsourcing	1
censo sísmico	1
chemical mixture	1
chile	1
china and south korea	1
choice experiment	1
cia	1
civic engagement	1
climate	1
climate sciences	1
climate-change	1
climatic threats	1
cluster analysis	1
coal seam gas	1
coastal and marine spatial planning	1
coastal fisheries	1
coastal management system	1
coastal zone	1
coexistence	1
collaborative governance	1
collective impacts	1
collective pressure	1
collective risk management	1
collision risk modelling	1
colorado pikeminnow	1
columbia	1
combined stressors	1
community composition	1
community-based	1
comparative assessment	1
complaints	1
complementarity	1
complex inter-relations	1
complex systems	1
compliance monitoring	1
computer simulation model	1
conceptual challenges	1
conceptual framework	1
conceptual model	1
conceptual model development	1
confidence	1
conflicts	1
confounders	1
connectivity conservation	1
connector matrices	1
conservation of natural resources	1
conservation prioritization	1
contaminants	1
contamination	1
contract for difference	1
coordination	1
coral populations	1
coral reefs	1
corporate community development	1
corporate development project	1
corporate social responsibility	1
correlation	1
coupled natural-human systems	1
critical habitat	1
critical thinking	1
cross-cultural knowledge	1
cross-scale policy mitigation methods	1
crown-of-thorns starfish	1
cultural effects	1
cumulative and cascading effects	1
cumulative assessment	1
cumulative effect assessments	1
cumulative effects / impacts assessment	1
cumulative effects assessment science	1
cumulative environmental effects	1
cumulative exposure	1
cumulative impact assessment (cia)	1
cumulative impact assessments (cia)	1
cumulative impact maps	1
cumulative impacts assessment	1
cumulative social impacts	1
cyclones	1
dam	1
decision support analysis	1
decision support systems	1
decision support tool	1
decision support tools	1
decision trees	1
decision-making process	1
deep sea	1
deforestation	1
deliberative and inclusive process	1
density limits	1
developing countries	1
dispersal	1
disposal at sea	1
disturbance	1
disturbance ecology	1
dolphin habitat	1
downscaling	1
dpsi model	1
dyke opening	1
dynamic bayesian network modelling	1
dynamics	1
eagle plain	1
earth system science	1
ecoengineering	1
ecological connectivity	1
ecological integrity	1
ecological modeling	1
ecological models	1
ecological niche models	1
ecological residence	1
ecological restoration	1
ecological risk	1
ecological risk assessment	1
ecological sustainability	1
economic	1
economic impacts of hydropower	1
ecosystem	1
ecosystem approach to fisheries	1
ecosystem based management	1
ecosystem based management and monitoring	1
ecosystem based management approach	1
ecosystem classification	1
ecosystem condition	1
ecosystem function	1
ecosystem health	1
ecosystem integrity	1
ecosystem restoration targets	1
ecosystem services (es)	1
ecosystem threats	1
ecosystem-base management	1
ecosystem-based approach	1
ecosystem-based fisheries management	1
ecosystems	1
ecuador	1
effectiveness	1
effects assessment	1
effects assessments	1
eflows	1
eia practice	1
energía renovable	1
energy	1
energy policy	1
environment planning	1
environmental assessment (ea)	1
environmental drivers	1
environmental effects monitoring	1
environmental exposure	1
environmental governance	1
environmental impact assessment.	1
environmental impact statement	1
environmental impact statement (eis)	1
environmental impacts	1
environmental law	1
environmental monitoring	1
environmental response factors	1
environmental risk	1
environmental social sciences	1
environmental sociology	1
europe's seas	1
evaluación de impacto acumulativo	1
evidence-based medicine	1
ex-post facto social impact assessment	1
expert opinion	1
expert-driven process	1
exploitation des ressources	1
exposure	1
extinction	1
extraction	1
feedbacks	1
fildes peninsula	1
fire	1
first-fit decreasing algorithm	1
fish -habitat	1
fish migration	1
fish populations	1
fishing	1
fishing impact	1
fishing intensity	1
floating gardens	1
floating modular island	1
flooding	1
floodplain food web	1
flow fluctuations	1
follow up	1
food web spatial-temporal model	1
forest planning	1
fragmentation	1
fragmentation thresholds	1
freshwater threats	1
functional diversity	1
future trajectories	1
futures studies	1
fuzzy cognitive mapping	1
gap analysis	1
geobia	1
geographic information systems (gis)	1
geonode	1
geoplatfonn	1
geospatial tools	1
gis	1
global	1
global environmental change	1
golf tourism development	1
gorgan	1
granja eólica de litoral	1
grassland(s)	1
grazing grounds	1
great barrier reef	1
greenhouse gas assessment	1
greenland	1
gross national happiness	1
guidance	1
guidelines	1
gulf of mexico	1
habitat	1
habitat directive	1
habitat evaluation procedure	1
habitat fragmentation	1
habitat restoration	1
habitat suitability	1
habitat suitability index	1
habitat suitability models	1
habitats	1
half-earth	1
hazardous ionic liquids	1
heat stress	1
herder knowledge	1
hierarchy of spatial scales	1
historical remote sensing	1
historical time series	1
holistic	1
hong kong	1
hong kong sar china	1
hudson bay lowland	1
human dimensions	1
human impacts	1
human rights impact assessment	1
human threats	1
human well-being	1
humans	1
hydraulic fracturing	1
hydrocarbon	1
hydrodynamic conditions	1
hydroelectric dams	1
hydroelectric development	1
hydroelectricity	1
hydrogeologic classification	1
hydrogeomorphic classification	1
hydrology	1
hydromorphological indicators	1
hydropower mitigation	1
hydropower planning	1
iceland	1
immunomodulatory effects	1
impact	1
impact pathways	1
impact significance	1
impacts anthropiques	1
impacts assessment	1
impacts cumulés	1
indicator kriging	1
indices	1
indigenous knowledge	1
indigenous peoples	1
indigenous peoples' rights	1
indigenous rights	1
indirect effect	1
individual-based model	1
indo-pacific humpback dolphin	1
information management	1
infrastructural impacts	1
infrastructure development	1
institutional arrangements	1
institutional context	1
institutional coordination	1
institutional requirements	1
institutions	1
integrated coastal management	1
integrated ecosystem assessment	1
integrated land management	1
integrated marine ecosystem service assessments	1
integrated resource management	1
interaction	1
interaction networks	1
interactions	1
interactive models	1
intermediate disturbance	1
intra-inter interactions	1
introduced species	1
invasive marine species	1
invasive species	1
ionic liquids	1
iran	1
ireland	1
irreplaceability	1
irrigation	1
iucn species	1
kenya	1
knowledge management	1
knowledge synthesis	1
lakes	1
land cover	1
land loss	1
land take	1
land use	1
land use and land cover	1
land use management	1
land use policy	1
land-based pressures	1
land-use change	1
land-use framework	1
land-use planning	1
landbirds	1
landforms	1
lands for life	1
landsat	1
landscape assessment	1
landscape connectivity	1
landscape ecology	1
landscape fragmentation	1
landscape fragmentation threshold	1
landscape gradient	1
landscape indicators	1
landscape indices	1
landscape metrics	1
landscape modelling	1
landscape simulation	1
landscape-scale	1
laos	1
large landscape conservation	1
large mammals	1
large-scale ecosystem restoration	1
law	1
legacy impacts	1
legal pluralism	1
legistlation	1
legitimacy	1
liao river	1
liechtenstein	1
life history	1
likelihood	1
limits of acceptable change	1
linear	1
linear development	1
litigation	1
local development documents	1
local development framework	1
local impact	1
loggerhead	1
london protocol london convention	1
longitudinal study	1
low carbon power production	1
lower fraser river basin	1
machine learning	1
mackenzie valley	1
malawi	1
management policy and practice	1
marine assessment	1
marine conservation	1
marine conservation areas	1
marine ecosystem service supply	1
marine functional zoning	1
marine mammals	1
marine protected area	1
marine renewable energies	1
marine spatial planning (msp)	1
marine strategic framework directive	1
marine turtles	1
marino	1
maritime criminality	1
maritime industry	1
maritime spatial planning (msp)	1
maritime use conflict analysis	1
marxan with zones	1
mechanical stress	1
medical risk factors	1
meta-analysis	1
method standardization	1
methodological challenges	1
méthodologique	1
methods	1
migration corridors	1
mining law	1
mitigation hierarchy	1
mitigation strategies	1
mitigative measures	1
model uncertainty	1
modeling	1
models	1
monitoring indicators	1
monitoring strategies	1
monte carlo simulation	1
moose river basin	1
moose-wolf-caribou system	1
morocco	1
motorized route-user networks	1
mpas	1
multi parametric optimization of ecosystem	1
multi-media fugacity model	1
multi-project (eia)	1
multi-purpose	1
multi-risk	1
multi-scale modelling framework	1
multi-sectoral governance	1
multi-use	1
multiple-use landscape	1
multiroute exposure	1
multispecies modeling	1
multitrophic	1
mytilus edulis	1
narmada	1
national environmental policy act	1
national estuary program	1
national scale analysis	1
natura 2000	1
natural resource management	1
neogobius melanostomus	1
nepa	1
network governance	1
neural networks	1
nmpans	1
noise	1
nomiracle	1
non-additive effects	1
non-market valuation	1
nonchemical stressors	1
north yukon	1
northern canada	1
northern ontario	1
nunavut	1
obstruction	1
ocean activities and uses	1
ocean observing systems	1
ocean sciences	1
oceans	1
odemm	1
offshore wind	1
offshore wind energy	1
offshore wind farm	1
offshore wind farms	1
oil and gas	1
oil sands	1
open source	1
optimacy	1
pakistan	1
papua new guinea	1
paradigm shift	1
paraguay	1
participatory mapping	1
participatory rural appraisal	1
particle tracking	1
performance	1
permafrost	1
persistence	1
petroleum and natural gas (png)	1
pinus radiata	1
pipeline	1
pipelines	1
plastic pollution	1
policy	1
policy ambiguity	1
policy plans and programs (ppps)	1
policy reform	1
policy-making	1
porcupine caribou	1
porcupine caribou herd	1
portovelo-zaruma	1
practice	1
practitioners	1
precautionary principle	1
predator-prey interactions	1
predictive scenarios	1
preliminary eia	1
pressure magnitude	1
pressures	1
principal component analysis	1
productivity-susceptibility analysis	1
project boundaries	1
project expansion	1
project regulatory review	1
project screening	1
projections	1
protected land	1
pseudocalanus acuspes	1
psychosocial factors	1
public consultation	1
public interest	1
public participation	1
pulp mills	1
python	1
qualitative modeling	1
quality	1
quantifying the impact	1
quebec	1
rangifer tarandus caribou	1
red list of ecosystems	1
reef fish	1
regional effects assessment	1
regional environmental assessment	1
regional environmental assessment (rea)	1
regional land-use planning	1
regional planning	1
regional prioritization	1
regional spatial strategies	1
regulatory design	1
rehabilitation	1
relational scale	1
relative risk model	1
remnant vegetation	1
renca	1
repeated measures analysis	1
representative areas	1
resilience	1
resilience pivots	1
resource capitals	1
resource development	1
resource extraction	1
restoration	1
revegetation	1
rhithropanopeus harrisii	1
rights	1
ring of fire mining development	1
risk criteria and management	1
risk identification	1
risk management	1
risk management process	1
risk-based environmental assessment	1
risk-increasing behaviors	1
river degradation	1
river systems	1
road construction	1
road dust	1
rocky reefs	1
ruido	1
s seas	1
safe operating space	1
safetea-lu	1
saint john river	1
salmon recovery	1
sami people	1
san-francisco bay	1
satellite tracking	1
scaling	1
scenario analysis	1
scenario modeling	1
scenario models	1
science-policy interface¡bold¿	1
science-policy interface{$<$}bold{$>$}	1
scientific integrity	1
scotland	1
sdi	1
sea analysis framework	1
sea turtle	1
seabed dredging	1
seagrass	1
seanergy	1
seascape connectivity	1
sediment	1
sediment erosion	1
seea-eea	1
seismic survey	1
semi-domesticated reindeer	1
sensitivity analysis	1
services production	1
severity	1
sign directed graphs	1
silos	1
simulated annealing	1
skylark population dynamics	1
small modular nuclear reactor	1
small-scale fisheries	1
small-scale hydro	1
smothering	1
social -ecological systems	1
social development	1
social imaginary	1
social impact	1
social thresholds	1
social-ecological resilience	1
social-ecological systems	1
socio-ecological system	1
socio-ecological systems	1
socio-ecological systems (sess)	1
socioeconomic factors	1
solar power	1
south korea	1
southern benguela	1
space@sea	1
spatial analyses	1
spatial conservation prioritization	1
spatial decision support systems	1
spatial decision support tools (dsts)	1
spatial management	1
spatial simulations	1
spatial support framework	1
spatially explicit assessment	1
spatially explicit risk analysis	1
spatio-temporal models	1
species distribution model	1
species distribution modelling	1
st. lawrence	1
stakeholder involvement	1
stakeholder management	1
stakeholder relations	1
standardized framework	1
state environmental policy act	1
stella	1
stereo-bruvs	1
stochastic life cycle model	1
strategic assessment	1
strategic decision-making	1
strategic effects assessment	1
strategic management	1
stressor interactions	1
study area	1
stygofauna	1
supplementary planning guidance	1
surface temperature	1
sustainability appraisal	1
sustainability assessment	1
sustainability science	1
sustainable blue economy	1
sustainable development goals	1
sustainable development planning	1
sustainable forest management	1
sustainable local development	1
switching state-space modeling	1
switzerland	1
symphony-tool	1
syria	1
system dynamics	1
systems thinking	1
terminology	1
terrestrial ecosystem	1
terrestrial species	1
thailand	1
theory	1
thermokarst	1
threat complex	1
threat mapping	1
threat maps	1
threatened species	1
threats	1
threshold	1
tidal wetlands	1
tiered approach	1
tipping points	1
tools	1
tools4msp software	1
towed bottom-fishing	1
toxicity	1
trade-offs	1
traditional chinese medicine	1
traditional food systems	1
traditional land use	1
trans-boundary water pollution	1
transboundary collaboration	1
transboundary conservation	1
transboundary cooperation	1
transboundary water management	1
transition theory	1
transnational governance	1
tree patches	1
triggers	1
troglofauna	1
uncertainty analysis	1
unconventional shale gas development	1
urban hydrology	1
urban wetlands	1
use-use interaction	1
valued ecosystem component selection	1
valued ecosystem components	1
variability	1
vessel monitoring system	1
vietnam	1
vulnerable life stage	1
vulnerable populations	1
vuntut gwitchin	1
water chemistry	1
water environment	1
water management	1
water quality index	1
water quality monitoring	1
watershed	1
watershed cumulative effects assessment	1
watershed monitoring	1
watershed reporting	1
watersheds	1
webtools	1
western canada	1
white sucker	1
wilderness	1
wildlife management	1
wildlife monitoring	1
wind turbines	1
xiamen	1
yukon government	1

# # Table of keywords that I specifically used in my research
# key |>
#   filter(key %in% c("ebm", "eia", "marine", "freshwater", "terrestrial", "case study", "data", "geospatial", "health", "indigenous", "legislation", "management", "method", "problem", "process", "rea", "review", "risk", "roles", "social", "sea", "sen", "solution")) |>
#   count(key) |>
#   arrange(desc(n)) |>
#   knitr::kable(col.names = c("Keywords", "Frequency")) |>
#   kableExtra::scroll_box(width = "55%", height = "500px")

The fight of the fields

Published articles

The screening process allowed me to differentiate between the different fields of research. For a total of 275 published articles, here is the breakdown of the number of articles per research fields.

dat <- filter(key, key %in% c("eia", "ebm", "multiple stressors")) |>
  mutate(key = case_when(key == "multiple stressors" ~ "ms", .default = key)) |>
  group_by(uid) |>
  mutate(key = paste(key, collapse = " & ")) |>
  ungroup() |>
  count(key) |>
  mutate(
    uid = 1:n(),
    A = stringr::str_detect(key, "eia"),
    B = stringr::str_detect(key, "ebm"),
    C = stringr::str_detect(key, "ms"),
  ) |>
  tidyr::pivot_longer(col = c(A, B, C), names_to = "sets", values_to = "tmp") |>
  filter(tmp) |>
  group_by(uid) |>
  group_split() |>
  lapply(function(x) {
    list(
      name = x$key[1],
      sets = as.list(x$sets),
      value = x$n[1]
    )
  })

library(highcharter)
highchart() %>%
  hc_chart(type = "venn") %>%
  hc_add_series(
    dataLabels = list(style = list(fontSize = "20px")),
    name = "Venn Diagram",
    data = dat
  )

Timeline

Let us now look at the timeline of published articles concerned with each fields to investigate whether the fields appeared at different periods.

dat <- left_join(
  lit[, c("uid", "year")],
  filter(key, key %in% c("eia", "ebm", "multiple stressors")),
  by = "uid"
) |>
  group_by(year, key) |>
  summarize(n = n())

timeline <- tidyr::expand_grid(
  key = c("eia", "ebm", "multiple stressors"),
  year = min(dat$year):max(dat$year)
) |>
  left_join(dat, by = c("key", "year")) |>
  mutate(n = case_when(is.na(n) ~ 0, .default = n)) |>
  group_by(key) |>
  arrange(key, year) |>
  mutate(cumcount = cumsum(n)) |>
  mutate(key = case_when(
    key == "eia" ~ "Environmental Impact Assessment",
    key == "ebm" ~ "Ecosystem-Based Management",
    .default = "Multiple Stressors"
  ))

# Chart
timeline |>
  echarts4r::e_charts(year) |>
  echarts4r::e_line(
    cumcount,
    smooth = TRUE,
    symbol = "none",
    endLabel = list(show = TRUE, formatter = "{a}"),
    labelLayout = list(x = "92%", moveOverlap = "shiftY"),
    emphasis = list(focus = "series"),
  ) |>
  echarts4r::e_x_axis(min = 1985, max = 2024, formatter = echarts4r::e_axis_formatter(digits = 0)) |>
  echarts4r::e_tooltip(trigger = "axis", order = "valueDesc") |>
  echarts4r::e_animation(duration = 10000)

Number of articles citing cumulative effects assessment published through the environmental impact assessment, ecosystem-based management and multiple stressors research fields.

Ecosystems

While manually screening the published literature, I identified the broad types of ecosystems with which the articles were concerned, i.e. marine vs continental (i.e. including terrestrial, freshwater and watershed assessments). Let us look whether there is a discrepancy between the research fields. Looking at those results, there is a clear discrepancy between the ecosystem-based management and environmental impact assessment fields, with the later predominantly concerned with marine assessments, while the latter is more concerned with continental assessments. The multiple stressors field, meanwhile, is closer to parity, with a slight edge towards marine assessments.

ecosystem <- left_join(
  key |>
    filter(key %in% c("eia", "ebm", "multiple stressors")) |>
    rename(field = key),
  key |>
    mutate(key = case_when(
      key %in% c("terrestrial", "freshwater") ~ "continental",
      .default = key
    )) |>
    filter(key %in% c("marine", "continental")) |>
    rename(ecosystem = key),
  by = "uid",
  relationship = "many-to-many"
) |>
  na.omit() |>
  group_by(field, ecosystem) |>
  count() |>
  group_by(field) |>
  mutate(
    total = sum(n),
    n_rel = round(n / total, 2)
  ) |>
  mutate(field = case_when(
    field == "eia" ~ "Environmental Impact Assessment",
    field == "ebm" ~ "Ecosystem-Based Management",
    .default = "Multiple Stressors"
  ))


ecosystem |>
  group_by(ecosystem) |>
  echarts4r::e_charts(field) |>
  echarts4r::e_bar(n_rel) |>
  echarts4r::e_tooltip(trigger = "axis", order = "valueDesc") |>
  echarts4r::e_y_axis(
    formatter = echarts4r::e_axis_formatter("percent")
  )

Percent number of articles citing cumulative effects assessment published through the environmental impact assessment, ecosystem-based management and multiple stressors research fields concerned with marine or continental ecosystems.

Countries

cns0 <- countrycode::codelist$country.name.en
cns <- data.frame(country = cns0) |>
  left_join(
    key |>
      mutate(key = stringr::str_to_title(key)) |>
      filter(key %in% cns0),
    by = c("country" = "key"),
    relationship = "many-to-many"
  ) |>
  mutate(
    eia = case_when(uid %in% key$uid[key$key == "eia"] ~ TRUE, .default = FALSE),
    ebm = case_when(uid %in% key$uid[key$key == "ebm"] ~ TRUE, .default = FALSE),
    ms = case_when(uid %in% key$uid[key$key == "multiple stressors"] ~ TRUE, .default = FALSE),
    marine = case_when(uid %in% key$uid[key$key == "marine"] ~ TRUE, .default = FALSE),
    continental = case_when(uid %in% key$uid[key$key %in% c("terrestrial", "freshwater")] ~ TRUE, .default = FALSE)
  )



# Figure per country
dat <- cns |>
  group_by(country) |>
  summarize(value = n())
dat |>
  echarts4r::e_charts(country) |>
  echarts4r::e_map(value, roam = TRUE) |>
  echarts4r::e_visual_map(value, color = viridis::magma(100))

Number of articles citing cumulative effects assessment published through the environmental impact assessment, ecosystem-based management and multiple stressors research fields by countries.

# Figure per country per field of research
cns |>
  group_by(country) |>
  summarise_at(c("eia", "ebm", "ms"), sum) |>
  left_join(dat, by = "country") |>
  mutate(eia = eia / value, ebm = ebm / value, ms = ms / value) |>
  select(-value) |>
  tidyr::pivot_longer(-country, names_to = "field", values_to = "value") |>
  mutate(field = case_when(
    field == "eia" ~ "Environmental Impact Assessment",
    field == "ebm" ~ "Ecosystem-Based Management",
    .default = "Multiple Stressors"
  )) |>
  group_by(field) |>
  echarts4r::e_charts(country, timeline = TRUE) |>
  echarts4r::e_map(value, roam = TRUE) |>
  echarts4r::e_visual_map(value, color = viridis::magma(100)) |>
  echarts4r::e_timeline_serie(
    title = list(
      list(text = "Environmental Impact Assessment", subtext = "Percent number of articles published"),
      list(text = "Ecosystem-Based Management", subtext = "Percent number of articles published"),
      list(text = "Multiple Stressors", subtext = "Percent number of articles published")
    )
  )

Percent number of articles citing cumulative effects assessment published through the environmental impact assessment, ecosystem-based management and multiple stressors research fields by countries per field of research.

# Figure per country per ecosystem
cns |>
  group_by(country) |>
  summarise_at(c("marine", "continental"), sum) |>
  left_join(dat, by = "country") |>
  mutate(marine = marine / value, continental = continental / value) |>
  select(-value) |>
  tidyr::pivot_longer(-country, names_to = "ecosystem", values_to = "value") |>
  mutate(ecosystem = stringr::str_to_sentence(ecosystem)) |>
  group_by(ecosystem) |>
  echarts4r::e_charts(country, timeline = TRUE) |>
  echarts4r::e_map(value, roam = TRUE) |>
  echarts4r::e_visual_map(value, color = viridis::magma(100)) |>
  echarts4r::e_timeline_serie(
    title = list(
      list(text = "Marine ecosystems", subtext = "Percent number of articles published"),
      list(text = "Continental ecosystems", subtext = "Percent number of articles published")
    )
  )

Percent number of articles citing cumulative effects assessment published through the environmental impact assessment, ecosystem-based management and multiple stressors research fields by countries per ecosystem.